First and foremost, I hope (pray) you all are safe and healthy during the COVID19 global crisis.  We in Texas are hanging in there. While unfortunate, I tell my children it is great to have more time with them as they are growing up so fast. I hope you have the same luxury with your family.

And now the news..... 

A quick note on a paper to be in print soon (you can access the submitted version below) that will offer new perspective on the black soldier fly- Hermetia illucens.  

The term black soldier fly is applied liberally to a family of flies that is quite massive and diverse. Many species look like Hermetia illucens, but are obviously not.  

I ask anyone that is shipping material globally to consider the ramifications of practices. Shipping different genotypes (possibly different species) to locations outside of your geographic location. This caution is warranted for many reasons; 1) dilution and suppression of unique genotypes in the area you are shipping (i.e., loss of genetic variability), 2) introduction of new species to an area, 3) mass production of a species that is not approved for use by federal governments. Keep in mind- the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, has to be managed properly to avoid issue (see second citation below).

Everyone that is industrialized might consider having their population genotyped for their records.

Ståhls G, Meier R, Sandrock C, et al. The puzzling mitochondrial phylogeography of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), the commercially most important insect protein species. Research Square; 2020. DOI: 10.21203/rs.2.19982/v2.

Tomberlin, J. K., and A. v. Huis. 2020. Black soldier fly from pest to ‘crown jewel’ of the insects as feed industry: an historical perspective. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6: 1-4.

​M.S./Ph.D. and post-doc positions in black soldier flies (BSF) for organic waste remediation and protein production - process scale-up
 
Bioenergy and Environment Research Group (http://www.samirkkhanall/) in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at The University of Hawaii at Manoa has several immediate openings for graduate students (M.S./Ph.D.) and post-doctoral research associate.  The selected candidate will conduct research on the use of black soldier flies (BSF) for various locally available organic waste remediation. The candidate should have prior research experience in BSF colony development, BSF egg production, BSF larvae cultivation and process scale-up. The candidate is also expected to work with environmental engineer and entomologist. The research project will establish protocol for BSF scale-up, and process automation. We prefer a candidate with research background in organic waste recycling, design and operation of scalable biological system with relevant research background in black soldier flies. M.S./Ph.D. in environmental engineering/entomology or a closely related engineering/biological field is required. The candidate must have superior academic and excellent research background. The position requires excellent written and oral english skill including ability to prepare refereed journal articles/progress report. Salary is highly competitive and commensurate with experience. The candidate will also receive full tuition waiver along with fund for attending/presenting at national/international conference. For consideration, please e-mail CV (with GRE, TOEFL scores (if applicable) and GPA), short write-up on research experience, names of 2 referees and publication if any in a single PDF file to Dr. Samir K. Khanal at <[email protected]> by Feb 29, 2020.
 

Have you ever wondered- what was the black soldier fly known for before it was being mass produced as a feed? Well, here is an answer. Arnold van Huis and I put together a summary of the published history for this species prior to its recognition in the 1990s as a beneficial. Hard to believe, but the black soldier fly was recognized as a pest before then.  The major take-home message is- be careful with your production of the black soldier fly. I hope you enjoy the read!!

Tomberlin, J. K., and A. v. Huis. 2020. Black soldier fly from pest to ‘crown jewel’ of the insects as feed industry: an historical perspective. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6: 1-4.

Obviously, fat is something that most people try to avoid in their diets simply from a health perspective. However, fat in BSF is the new form of "black gold".... only it is "white gold" (please link references to oil industry). If not familiar with oil industry reference- maybe pop culture with the Beverly Hillbillies (a popular USA TV show in the 1960s I believe)?

Today- I wanted to draw your attention to a recent publication on methods for extracting fat from BSF. I thought industry would be interested in this paper given the fat is not necessarily the best for formulating diets for other animals, but it represents a resource that can extracted and developed into bio-energy.  

Ravi, H. K., M. A. Vian, Y. Tao, A. Degrou, J. Costil, C. Trespeuch, and F. Chemat. 2019. Alternative solvents for lipid extraction and their effect on protein quality in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Journal of Cleaner Production 238: 117861.

A cool finding- they discuss a "green" solvent that can be used to extract the fat!

Insects as Food & Feed in the News!

Tis the Season! (USA)- a nice article in a university newspaper on insects as food.

Crickets in Our Bread (UK)- everyone seems to be enjoying cricket bread in the UK (a number of major chains carry this product).

Who Says Insects Can't Be a Dessert? (Mexico)- a great article on the cultural aspects of insects as food- a long heritage.

My apologies for being silent for several weeks. Without going into detail, I will just say that life throws curveballs.

But I had to make this post- the BSF genome is now available. Please check out this paper as it will serve as a "game changer" in our ability to study the BSF and its use to produce protein while protecting the environment.

I cannot say enough in terms of the joy I am currently feeling with this paper being published- a massive leap forward in the scientific exploration of the BSF.

Many thanks to the team as they were great to work with on this project. Special thanks for Yongping (friend and colleague) for spearheading this project.  Enjoy the read....

Zhan, S., G. Fang, M. Cai, Z. Kou, J. Xu, Y. Cao, L. Bai, Y. Zhang, Y. Jiang, X. Luo, J. Xu, X. Xu, L. Zheng, Z. Yu, H. Yang, Z. Zhang, S. Wang, J. K. Tomberlin, J. Zhang, and Y. Huang. 2019. Genomic landscape and genetic manipulation of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens, a natural waste recycler. Cell Research.

One aspect of producing BSF is the typical approach taken for growing BSF is quite general (i.e., not detail oriented). Young larvae are put in a pan with a specified amount of food with the expectation that after a given amount of time, the larvae will peak in terms of growth and food digestion and then be harvested.

As you all know- what we expect and what actually occurs can be quite variable- Biology just does stuff like this (i.e., variation).  So, I am often asked how do we develop a more precise approach to producing BSF, while maintaining a high level of precision and accuracy with the model produced?

My typical answer is- well, researchers/industry just have not developed such a system yet (that is publicly available). 

However, studies, such as the one about to be listed might be the next step needed to develop a more precise method for mass production of BSF. 

Gligorescu, A., S. Toft, H. Hauggaard-Nielsen, J. A. Axelsen, and S. A. Nielsen. 2019. Development, growth and metabolic rate of Hermetia illucens larvae. Journal of Applied Entomology 143: 875-881.

The overall conclusions that I reached after reading this article are the following:

1. Prediction of growth patterns of BSF larvae is relatively consistent (as expected) with slow growth initially followed by vertical growth (i.e., think- weight over time) and then a plateau. This overview is not new, but it does illustrate a point. There is a window of maximum growth producers want to identify with their colony. Predicting when that portion of the growth pattern is complete should represent a harvesting time point. By identifying this point in development, producers could reduce their "in pan" production time by 2 days or more. From a production standpoint, reducing development time that amount is quite significant as related to space occupied by pans and resulting production.

2. Heat generation (significant) occurs at a set point in the development cycle. Producers should be aware of this time point- too much heat and the waste will compost and the larvae will stop feeding. A remedy would be to identify that time point, mix the waste, and allow the heat to escape (be aware, such a process also blends the BSF waste with food not consumed which could be an issue). 

3. Something not discussed, or I missed it, is along this growth pattern, the larvae will shift from protein accumulation to fat accumulation. If identified, producers could harvest larvae with different nutrient compositions (e.g., high protein/low fat and vice versa).  Of course, many of you have already thought about this point I am sure. But, I like to put it out there for others to consider.

An area sorely overlooked in our field is the use of the digestate remaining after BSF are used to recycle organic waste as a fertilizer or plant substrate. The following paper explored this topic.

Setti, L., E. Francia, A. Pulvirenti, S. Gigliano, M. Zaccardelli, C. Pane, F. Caradonia, S. Bortolini, L. Maistrello, and D. Ronga. 2019. Use of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae processing residue in peat-based growing media. Waste Management 95: 278-288.
In the study, they raised BSF on the standard Gainesville House Fly Diet. So, the residue is a bit "laboratory"; however, I think they selected the appropriate starting point. Based on data generated from this study, future research can explore residues from other organic material digested.

The takeaway- yes, the waste/digestate can be used as a partial commercial peat replacement (20%) to grow baby leaf lettuce, basil, and tomato.

But- we really need to build on these results and explore different residues (i.e., different organic material digested by BSF) as substrates for growing plants.

Insects as Food & Feed in the News!

Robots Producing Insects (USA):  Great video on cricket production. Also, nice discussion on the global perspective of insect farming.

Insects to Feed Pets (UK): A discussion on insects as food for pets- with some suggestions of items dogs shouldn't eat.

Cookies & Insects (EU): An overview of insects as food ingredients. 

Bugtoberfest (Texas, USA):  A great outreach event on entomology in general.

​

Now, I admit to not being an expert on regulatory bodies and their needs when being petitioned to approve a material as a feed ingredient for livestock, poultry, or aquaculture; however, I will say the study presented below has to be one of the most thorough to date on the BSF and aquaculture. Maybe it serves as a model for future studies needed to get BSF approved as a feed (or food) ingredient?

Also, one thing I really like about this study, is the authors bridge BSF, which is a potential model organism for research, with a model organism already established- Zebrafish (Danio). The value of this study, which is highly multi-disciplinary and long-term, surpasses its primary objectives of providing data that could prove relevant for getting regulatory bodies to approve BSF as a feed for various vertebrates as it provides exposure of the BSF to the basic research community.

​The more basic researchers we have working with the BSF, the greater opportunities for the insects as food and feed industry as these researchers can secure funds to do the basic work necessary for fully understanding the species and its biology (and indirectly, its application). 

Zarantoniello, M., B. Randazzo, C. Truzzi, E. Giorgini, C. Marcellucci, J. A. Vargas-Abúndez, A. Zimbelli, A. Annibaldi, G. Parisi, F. Tulli, P. Riolo, and I. Olivotto. 2019. A six-months study on black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) based diets in zebrafish. Scientific Reports 9: 8598.

Insects as Food & Feed in the News!

Special Issues on Insects as Food & Feed (USA)- a nice article in the New York Times on insects as food- hat tip to Julie Lesnik for giving such a fine interview!

Entomological Society of America Note on Special Issue (USA)- another summary of the special issue (discussed in previous blog post).

Development of a National Science Foundation Center on Insects as Food & Feed (USA)- Awesome job, Christine Picard and Heather Jordan, with leading the charge on the development of a global center! We had over 30 companies present from around the world. And, Chef Joseph Yoon whipped up some amazing cuisine for the mixer at the initiation of the meeting. If you have a company and want to learn more about the center, and its benefit to you, send me an email. I will gladly catch you up.

New York Times Twice in One Week (USA)?  Yep, they wrote a second article on the industry. This one reached out to a host of experts in research and industry on the development of this novel form of industrialized agriculture.

​

Valerie Stull and I, as part of NACIA, worked with Marianne Shockley to assemble an issue in the Annals of the Entomological Society of America (many thanks to the ESA staff- Lisa Junker and Josh Lancette) on Insects as Food & Feed.

​These articles are products resulting from the Eating Insects, Athens, Georgia conference held last year. Publication assemblages, such as this one and the one by Laura Gasco in Animals, serve as tremendous platforms for the industry. We hope you enjoy reading them.

Many thanks to Julie Lesnik, Floyd Shockley, and the other authors for their hard work pulling together these manuscripts!

SPECIAL ISSUE.... for your reading pleasure

A Special Issue on Insects as Feed and Food as Tribute to Dr. Marianne Clopton Shockley (August 14, 1975 to May 12, 2019)
Jeffery K. Tomberlin, Valerie J. Stull, Julie Lesnik, Floyd W. Shockley

Eating Insects Athens Conference 2018 and the North American Coalition for Insect Agriculture
Justin Butner, Marianne Shockley

Impact of Larval Competition on Life-History Traits of the Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
Brittny M. Jones, Jeffery K. Tomberlin

How to Reply to Some Ethical Objections to Entomophagy
Bob Fischer

Insect Food Products in the Western World: Assessing the Potential of a New ‘Green’ Market 
C. Matilda Collins, Pauline Vaskou, Yiannis Kountouris

Approaches for Utilizing Insect Protein for Human Consumption: Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Protein Quality and Functionality
Andrea M. Liceaga

Crude Protein, Amino Acid, and Iron Content of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Reared on an Agricultural Byproduct from Maize Production: an Exploratory Study
Valerie J. Stull, Marjorie Kersten, Rachel S. Bergmans, Jonathan A. Patz, Susan Paskewitz

Insect Composition and Uses in Animal Feeding Applications: A Brief Review
Liz Koutsos, Alejandra McComb , Mark Finke

The Cultural Importance of Edible Insects in Oaxaca, Mexico
Kayla J. Hurd, Shruti Shertukde, Trevor Toia, Angelina Trujillo, Ramona L. Pérez, David L. Larom, John J. Love, Changqi Liu

The Colonial/Imperial History of Insect Food Avoidance in the United States
Julie J. Lesnik

The Need for Alternative Insect Protein in Africa
Jennifer L. Pechal, M. Eric Benbow, Arox W. Kamng’ona, Andrews Safalaoh, Kingsley Masamba, Jeremiah Kang’ombe

Adult Reproductive Tract Morphology and Spermatogenesis in the Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
Aline S. Malawey, David Mercati, Charles C. Love, Jeffery K. Tomberlin

Our colleagues in Italy published a paper in Animals on the potential role of insects as food and feed (hence the title of this post). The article is a great read for those in research, industry, or just interested in the subject in general (maybe you have chickens in your backyard or fish in a pond that you feed occasionally?).

I would like to highlight their conclusion statement as to me, that's the tip of the spear as related to the topic. They emphasize the need for researchers developing insects as feed to consult with the consumer in terms of their needs. The product can be wonderful in terms of nutrients; however, if it is not palatable, the animals will not consume it.  The same can be said for insects as food.

"Consumer" obviously can be defined in a number of ways ranging from the feed companies that mass produce the diets for livestock, poultry, and aquaculture to those individuals that actually buy the feed (e.g., industrial production facilities or family farms). Each of these perspectives provides something valuable to the development of insects as feed. In fact, I believe it is safe to say one relies on the other- none operate in a silo independent one one another.  

If you have time- check out the paper. It's a nice read.  And, if you haven't notice, check out the issue of the journal containing this paper. It is a treasure of science on insects as food and feed.

Sogari, G., M. Amato, I. Biasato, S. Chiesa, and L. Gasco. 2019. The Potential Role of Insects as Feed: A Multi-Perspective Review.